Samaria (suh-mair-ee-uh) In the Old Testament, Samaria is the capital city of the northern kingdom of Israel. In the New Testament, it refers to the region between Judea and Galilee. During New Testament times, there was much hostility between Jews and Samaritans, largely because of differences in politics, race, customs, and religion. Sinai (seye-neye) The holy mountain where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments and other laws for the people of Israel. Sinai is also the name of the desert the people traveled through from Egypt to Canaan.